It has been traced back to the 12th century, and is found in an antiphonary of about 1200 now in St Peter's Basilica, Rome. In the first half of the 13th century, it was in Franciscan use, after compline. Jacobus da Varagine's thirteenth-century Golden Legend however includes a story...

that during a procession with an image of the Blessed Virgin...
that was held to pray for the ending of a pestilence in Rome [590AD]...
angels were heard singing the first three lines of the Regina Coeli antiphon...
to which Pope Gregory the Great [540−604AD] thereupon added the fourth...

he saw atop what - in consequence - is called the Castel Sant'Angelo...
a vision...
of an angel...
sheathing his sword...
thus signifying the cessation of the plague.

~wikipedia~
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